Jasperware 1775 - today

I've only found one weeny bit of Jasperware on the Thames foreshore. Apart from transferware it's the only pottery I was familiar with before this mudlarking thing started. Displayed in the South London suburban houses of my youth,  I knew it as 'Wedgwood' rather than Jasperware. Three decades later I haven't quite overcome my youthful allergy to it. 

Mudlarking Find: Jasperware  stoneware 

I can now at least appreciate the technical achievement. A type of refined matt stoneware, developed by Josiah Wedgwood in 1775 in his search for the secrets of porcelain. 

He named it after the stone 'jasper', the white version,  the 'base' colour of this pottery. The stoneware was then stained with oxides, either pale blue, dark blue, green, brown, black or yellow. The oxide permeated throughout in the early versions and is termed 'solid'. Costs were later cut by dipping so only the surface was coloured. 

1789-1795 Jasperware Teapot (V&A) 

Contrasting neoclassical bas- relief designs made this his trademark design and a wide range of products were produced, cameos, vases, portrait medallions and  tableware. 

Tea Canister 1795- 1800 (V&A) 

Incredibly popular, it was quickly imitated by others including Adams. It began to go out of fashion around 1811. In later years when I learnt that Wedgwood had been an advocate of the abolishion of slavery, giving large amount of money to the  cause and producing and distributing the equivalent of antislavery 'badges', his goods were suddenly imbued  with virtue.

Anti Slavery Medallion 1787 (V&A) 

Mudlarking at Greenwich

I’ve been meaning to get down to Greenwich for ages for a mudlark and got my chance with my sister Laura a couple of weeks ago. Find of the day has to be the best clay pipe I’ve found so far, with roses on one side and thistles on the other, no doubt representing England and Scotland. The pipe makers letters are in relief on the foot possibly a J and an A.

Mudlarking Find: Rose and Thistle Clay Pipe

I believe these highly decorated clay pipes were produced from the 1850s onwards. Rose and thistle pipes seem to have been made across the UK and I’ve found references to pipe makers in Portsmouth and Scotland who made them. Greenwich University mention that a rose and thistle pattern (sadly no picture) was made by a pipe maker in Deptford, just round the corner from this find, perhaps it originated there?

The Greenwich shore we visited is so different from the ones we usually graze. Much more beach like with large patches of sand and shingle. The same occasional piles of animal bones are found,  which always seem to congregate with lumps of coal and river rounded bricks.
. 

We met a delightful man who has been metal detecting for years. He explained that up until a few years ago the beach was covered in mud. The mud has been washed away by the Thames clippers, which continue to erode the remaining mud banks, washing all that history into the Thames. Good job there are a few mudlarkers who regularly sweep this stuff up and take anything important to the Museum of London. This guy was full of interesting snippets of information and finally revealed he had found the Rochester cuff link , among the top 50 archaeological finds discovered by members of public and featured in this recent TV series. 

What a place to mudlark though, those beautiful Wren buildings as a backdrop and classical music wafting about the place from the poshly named Trinity Laban Music Conservatoire.

Wren's Buildings at Greenwich (Wiki) 

 We came across several small pieces of bellamines, those German saltglazed stoneware jugs from Tudor and Stuart times.

German or English Salt Glazed Stoneware Relief Patterns 1550 - 1700

And only the second piece of gravel and slipware I’ve found, probably made in Staffordshire

Mudlarking Find: Shard from a Slip and gravel  Jug 

Slip and Gravel jug 1840 (Martyn Edgell) 

And that was it really. We finished off our morning with the perfect post mudlarking meal, traditional pies with mashed potato,  parsley gravy and hot tea.

The Perfect Post Mudlarking Lunch

Then it was on with the rest of our day. Like two excited teenagers we grabbed the front seats on the DLR train and journeyed  to Bank through that fascinating but bewildering array of pools and towers of glass and steel that make up docklands. We treated ourselves to a cream tea in the stunning 1860 Gamble Room at the V&A, the first museum cafe in the UK.

Then over to the Natural History Museum to see the wildlife photography exhibition, as wildlife is to my sister what smashed bits of pottery are to me. As we left, the afternoon light on the buildings whispered spring and was so beautiful I just had to take a pic. Great to be a tourist in your own city. 

The Natural History Museum and the V&A in spring sunlight

Skillet 1550- 1700

This was my favourite find from mudlarking trip a month or so ago. It was the completely pleasing tiny foot that did it. Roughly but somehow carefully and perfectly rendered. Soot still stains the flat base and licks the sides. The inside painted with shiny glaze, made green by the addition of copper.  The whole piece is only 4cm long, the complete vessel must have been strangely tiny. 

Mudlarking Find: Section of a  Tudor skillet. 

I'm guessing this comes from an earthenware skillet. Introduced in Tudor times and  placed on the charcoal burning stoves that begun to be used from the 16th century. Apparently it represents when cooking became more refined, necessitating smaller vessels.

Skillet 16th Century (Bridgeman Art Culture History)

Skillets are mentioned in this recipe from Hampton Court 1485- 1603

'Take a little faire warme water, as much sack, and take half flower half bread, mingle them altogether: then take five or six egges and break therein whites and all, a little nutmeg, pepper and salt and cut in appells very small then take a faire skillet with suet and let it boyle on the fire and so put the batter in it.'

Mudlarking in the snow

It was rather bizarre, mudlarking as snowflakes glided down. As I scoured the upper bank suddenly a tall guy whooshed down the stairs towards me, turning sharply to clamber up to search the section of wall he was looking for, ‘found it’, a geocacher delighted with another kind of find.

Deborah joined me half an hour in, for her first mudlark. Find of the day was so good, it’ll have a post all of its own, when I’ve had a chance to get back to its roots.

An early find was this rather fine medieval shard, picked up because of its incisions. Looking at it side on, I worked out it is probably the bottom of a strap handle attached to a jug. There are three small indentations on the glazeless reverse, which fit the tips of my fingers perfectly, where the likely female potter had strengthened the body of the jug as she smoothed and merged the handle 500+ years ago.

Mudlarking Find: Section of strap handle

Side view of handle showing diagonal join

Reverse showing three finger indentations 

Previous white clay handles I’ve found before have been
stabbed’, as described in this previous post. I suspect the incisions mark where the handle began to break away from the base and as with stabbing had two functions, decorative and prevented the clay from fracturing by enabling water to be released from the thicker sections of the jug as it was fired. It could well be Surrey whiteware produced 1240 – 1500, but I’ve failed to find a jug from these medieval pottery producing areas which has similar slashes – so perhaps it is from somewhere else? I wonder if it came from a one of these lovely baluster jugs.

Kingston ware Baluster Jug 1240 - 1360 (British Museum) 

This next piece is only 300+ years old. When I picked it up, I could see the bubbly relief bits and suspected they belonged to a Westerwald animal. It took me ages to work it out when I got home. As I look at it now it all seems rather obvious. A lion, its bush ended thin tail on the top left swishing into the cobalt blue. Beneath its body. The blobs are its mane, his face badly rendered but you can make out the crescent of its mouth swallowing the blue, with a single sharp tooth top and bottom.

Mudlarking Find: Westerwald Rampant Lion 

It’s likely he is one of two lions who supported a large medallion on the front of an imported German Westerwald chamber pot, popular for over 100 years, between 1630s – 1750s. Alternatively he could have been doing the same thing on a jug. Amusingly these animals seem to be referred to as 'rampant' in the antiques trade. 

17th C Westerwald Camber Pot  (Croker Farm) 

Westerwald Salt glazed Jug 1656 (Christies) 

Another pressed copper alloy button, this time with the inscription  O H ? Attneave Farringdon St EC. My google searching got me only so far, an existing street near Farringdon Street was renamed Attneave Street in 1895 probably after Alfred Attneave a Clerkenwell vestryman according to one source. Alternatively it could refer to a company name, in the census of 1881 there were 5 people with the surname Attneave in Clerkenwell.

Mudlarking Find: Copper Alloy Button 

The Georgian mudbank is giving up quite a bit of red stoneware at the moment. This time a rather fine teacup handle. It wasn’t until 1750 that teacups were produced with handles and red stoneware reached its popularity between 1750-1760, so reasonable to assume it’s from around this time. Quite possibly from Staffordshire whose potters were producing copies of the popular Chinese Yixing red stoneware teapots which were first imported to Britain in 1669. Covered in an earlier post on Rosso Antico

Mudlarking Find: Red  Stoneware  teacup handle

I haven’t bothered to pick up the bakewell tart like Staffordshire Combed Slipware for ages, but this large, big as your hand piece was just too yummy.

Mudlarking Find: Staffordshire Combed Slipware 1690-1830

A large piece of what I assume is English porcelain was also swishing about in the low tide, perhaps Worcester or Caughley but I can’t find a pattern match.

Mudlarking Find: English Porcelain 

Other finds are chucked together below, the usual mixture of slipware, hand painted pearl ware, Chinese export porcelain, delft, transferware, banded ware, white salt glaze,  and yet more sections of clay pipes with makers initials either side of their feet, this time P/S  and W/W. 

Mudlarking Finds: The rest. 

Our morning was finished off with a cup of tea and cake in the Tate restaurant where we shared our finds. Our view couldn't have been more spectacular looking across to St Pauls  through the falling snow. The cold hadn't put Deborah off and she's keen to come down again, although I should remember Deborah can deal with anything, even her broken rib on this trip. Off with the boots and on with the shoes with just enough time to walk along the Southbank, over Westminster Bridge for a meeting in Whitehall I had to attend on my day off. As we were ushered in to a room to wait to be summonsed, had just enough time to pull out a few of my treasures to show my colleague, amused by the juxtaposition. 

Chinese Export Porcelain 1556 - today

I think I can now deduce what shards are Chinese or Japanese porcelain. Their cross sections are dense like stoneware and very white. They don’t tend to stain, so despite being hundreds of years old look new. The blue and white decoration is slightly blurred, subdued and a lighter blue than transferware- a bit dreamy.

Mudlarking Finds: Chinese Export Porcelain with hand drawn flowers

Pretty common on the foreshore I can never pass them by and pick up 2-3 pieces on each visit.

These shards were usually hand painted with deceptively modern patterns. 

Mudlarking Finds: Dreamy porcelain

China was the first nation to discover the art of making porcelain possibly as early as 1300.

In the 16^th Century Portugal began trading with China, importing Ming Dynasty blue and white porcelain, heralding the 300 year European love affair with porcelain. The Chinese began making porcelain specifically for the European market hence the term Chinese Export Porcelain and the first European port opened in Canton in 1556. Porcelain was a handy bit of cargo,  placed in the ships hulls it provided ballast and  was unaffected by water, allowing the more vulnerable silks, teas and furniture to be stored higher up.

In the early 1600s the Dutch captured two Portuguese ships laden with porcelain and other goods. The cargo was auctioned off, the buyers of this ‘white gold’ the European elite including the Kings of France and England. The Porcelain craze had begun – among those who could afford it. It is hard to imagine how wondrous it must have been. Nothing like it had been seen  before. The only pottery had been course earthenware. Chunky German stoneware was the  most refined. Westerwald wasn’t on the scene until the late 17^th century and I believe delftware of this time was rather crude. These gleaming, smooth, white painted beauties began to replace the aristocracy's silver tableware.

Homage is paid in the 17^th century Dutch still life paintings with Chinese export porcelain sometimes placed centre stage. 

Pieter Gerritsz van Roestraten  1627-1698 (It's About Time) 

England and Holland began trading with China themselves, with each country's East Indian Company playing pivotal roles. In the middle of the 17^th Century, civil war in China caused trade to shift to Japan. Porcelain trade was re-established with China again in the late 17^th Century.

There are a bewildering array of types, Kraak, Famile Vert, blanc de chine, famille rose and patterns canton, mandarin, rose medallion, encre de chine, Fizhugh and bird and butterfly, all associated with particular periods.

Kraak Porcelain Bowl  1573-1620 (Pater Gratia Oriental Art) 

Kraak Porcelain Saucer 1575 - 1615 (Pater Gratia Oriental Art)

Over time Chinese potters produced European forms and designs ewers, mugs, candlesticks, sugar bowls and milk jugs. Wooden models were sent so they could learn how to produce these unfamiliar objects. European motifs Christian imagery, heraldry, classic mythology were used.

Chinese Export Porcelain Coffee Mug 1750 (Museum of London) 

1690 Porcelain Mug made for the English Market (Michael Pashby Antiques) 

By the late 18^th century imports from china were declining as English ceramic innovation and mass production took over.  

Mudlarking Another Day's Finds

A late January Monday morning. The whole of working London is joining the city's transport arteries, iron filings and magnets come to mind. It wasn't 8am and already queues of orange lights stretched into the distance. A bunch of commuters were gathering at each bus stop. The bus was going to take too long, so reluctantly I joined the tube, god it was foul, completely packed. Not what I wanted to be doing on my day off. 

As I stepped down to the Thames intense sun lit up the foreshore rubble, almost blinding me. It seemed the sun hadn't been there for months. It was meant to be a low tide, but it didn't look as though it was going to go out that far today, maybe all the rain is to blame? 

Find of the day is a first for me, a glass seal, I suspect from a wine bottle. A similar one on the Portable Antiquities Database is dated between 1650 - 1750 and was found in Southwark London, not far from where I found my one. Both seem to be painted gold, their irregularity shouting handmade. 

Mudlarking Find: Glass Seal  17th - 19th Century

Glass Seal 1650 - 1750  (Portable Antiquities Database)

Wine bottle with seal 1711- 1730 (Museum of London) 

Three letters I, S and E surround what looks like a Tudor rose. It's good to find something completely new. 

From the 18th Century some pipe makers advertised their brand by using moulds which imprinted their business signature on the foot of their pipes. On this trip I found one with 'W' on one side and 'I' on the other and another with 'P' and 'S'. Unfortunately  I haven't been able to trace either of these to specific pipe makers. 

Mudlarking Finds: Clay Pipes 'feet' with lettering 

A sizeable chunk of a 17th century delft drug jar circled with paint brushed prints  and lines of cobalt blue. 

Mudlarking Find: Base of a 17th Century Drug Jar

London Delft Drug Jar 1650 - 1700 (Christies) 

I couldn't resist two rather magnificent chunks of course pottery probably from the 16th century.

The first is a pot rim and  boasts a very common thumbed decoration. I usually pass these by but this time the rim piece has a return, perhaps the top of a large bellied pot. The inside is coated with a thick dark deep green glaze. 

Mudlarking Find: Thumbed redware rim

I've picked up a nifty shard chart from the 'historic royal palaces' which allows you to work out the size of the plate or pot by matching the curve of your shard to a series of lines, which also give you the percentage of the rim it represents, in this case 17%. If I've got this right the diameter was 47 cm  pretty big. A Thames Discovery guide told me they thought these type of thumbed rim shards, so common on this stretch of the foreshore, were from vats and the remnants of a local Tudor dying industry. 

It was the thick yellow glaze and a thumbed end of a handle that prompted me to sweep up the second shard. Is it from a large jug? On examining it more closely at home I noticed a line of stamped decoration ending at the top left of the handle base. 

Mudlarking Find: Redware with yellow glaze

It was good to meet a new mudlarker, a vivacious French guy who'd been an archaeologist but had turned to corporate life to up his salary. Recently installed in a company flat overlooking the Thames he'd wondered what those souls wandering around the foreshore were up to, so he donned his boots and went down to ask. That was in December, now he's a regular as he says 'I've got the virus'. 

Finally the eccentric inscription ' our own make' earns this little pressed copper alloy button its place. 

Mudlarking Find: Pressed Copper Alloy Button 'Our own make'. 

Chelsea Sprig Pattern 1860- 1900s.

With many mudlarking months under my belt, I now realise that the Thames chooses to give up shards from the same object over time, sometimes several months apart. 

When I  fancy unearthing the story behind a fragment I rifle through my trove, pulling out all examples of type. Often it’s only then I realise two shards slot together or are so close in design or form I conclude they must originate from the same thing. 

These first two were found six weeks apart. Whilst worn differently, I suspect they’re from the same cup.

Mudlarking Finds: Chelsea Sprig Pattern

They aren’t the most refined pieces but are full of aspiration with their relief blue posey sprigs, echoing Wedgewoods Jasperware.

Two of the next lot I suspect are from the same shiny plate. This time the sprigs, still with the flowery theme, bleeding slightly under the glaze. The companion piece feathery and herbaceous.

Mudlarking Finds: Chelsea Sprig plate shards

Several different names are attached to this genre, ‘Chelsea Sprig’, ‘Granmother’s ware’, Chelsea pattern’, ‘Aynsley’. The sprigs tend to be flowers, thistles or vines and grapes. 

Mudlarking Find: Chelsea thistle sprig. 

This stuff was churned out by many different potteries in the Victorian era between 1860- 1900s, perhaps even later. Almost exclusively sold by ebay and seemingly shunned by the antiques sites suggesting they were cheap and mass produced wares for the middle and working classes, unsought after and not collected – still it must have been quite tricky getting those clay relief bits to stick. 

Chelsea Grape Sprig 1900 (Postrex) 

Chelsea Pattern (Betty Ann Antiques).